CISA-KR 문제 166
Access to the spreadsheet is given only to those who require access is the most important control for maintaining the security of data in the spreadsheet. An IS auditor should ensure that the principle of least privilege is applied to limit the access to sensitive financial data and prevent unauthorized disclosure, modification, or deletion. The other options are less important controls that may enhance the accuracy, availability, or integrity of data in the spreadsheet, but not its security. References:
CISA Review Manual (Digital Version), Chapter 6, Section 6.31
CISA Review Questions, Answers & Explanations Database, Question ID 210
CISA-KR 문제 167
Application containers are a form of operating system virtualization that share the same kernel as the host operating system. This means that any vulnerability or compromise in the kernel can affect all the containers running on the same host, as well as the host itself. Additionally, containers may have privileged access to the kernel resources and functions, which can pose a risk of unauthorized or malicious actions by the container processes. Therefore, securing the kernel is a critical aspect of application container security.
Shared registries (option A) are not an inherent risk in the application container infrastructure, but they are a potential risk that depends on how they are configured and managed. Shared registries are repositories that store and distribute container images. They can be public or private, and they can have different levels of security and access controls. Shared registries can pose a risk of exposing sensitive data, distributing malicious or vulnerable images, or allowing unauthorized access to images. However, these risks can be mitigated by using secure connections, authentication and authorization mechanisms, image signing and scanning, and encryption.
Host operating system (option B) is not an inherent risk in the application container infrastructure, but it is a potential risk that depends on how it is configured and maintained. Host operating system is the underlying platform that runs the application containers and provides them with the necessary resources and services.
Host operating system can pose a risk of exposing vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, or malware that can affect the containers or the host itself. However, these risks can be mitigated by using minimal and hardened operating systems, applying patches and updates, enforcing security policies and controls, and isolating and monitoring the host.
Shared data (option C) is not an inherent risk in the application container infrastructure, but it is a potential risk that depends on how it is stored and accessed. Shared data is the information that is used or generated by the application containers and that may be shared among them or with external entities. Shared data can pose a risk of leaking confidential or sensitive data, corrupting or losing data integrity, or violating data privacy or compliance requirements. However, these risks can be mitigated by using secure storage solutions, encryption and decryption mechanisms, access control and auditing policies, and backup and recovery procedures.
Therefore, option D is the correct answer.
References:
Application Container Security Guide | NIST
CSA for a Secure Application Container Architecture
Application Container Security: Risks and Countermeasures
CISA-KR 문제 168
The IS auditor should ensure that penetration test results are classified at the highest level of sensitivity, because they contain detailed information about the vulnerabilities and weaknesses of the IT systems and networks, as well as the methods and tools used by the testers to exploit them. Penetration test results can be used by malicious actors to launch cyberattacks or cause damage to the organization if they are disclosed or accessed without authorization. Therefore, they should be protected with the highest level of confidentiality, integrity and availability. The other options are not as sensitive as penetration test results, because they either do not reveal as much information about the IT security posture, or they are already known or reported by the organization. References: CISA Review Manual (Digital Version)1, Chapter 5, Section 5.2.4
CISA-KR 문제 169
The most effective control to mitigate unintentional misuse of authorized access is security awareness training.
This is because security awareness training can educate users on the proper use of their access rights, the potential consequences of misuse, and the best practices to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information systems. Security awareness training can also help users recognize and avoid common threats such as phishing, malware, and social engineering.
Annual sign-off of acceptable use policy, regular monitoring of user access logs, and formalized disciplinary action are not the most effective controls to mitigate unintentional misuse of authorized access. These controls may help deter or detect intentional misuse, but they do not address the root cause of unintentional misuse, which is often a lack of knowledge or awareness of security policies and procedures.
CISA-KR 문제 170
The management decision that presents the greatest risk associated with data leakage is not providing security awareness training to staff. This is because staff are often the weakest link in the information security chain, and they may unintentionally or maliciously leak sensitive data through various channels, such as email, social media, cloud storage, or removable media. Security awareness training is essential to educate staff on the importance of protecting data, the policies and procedures for handling data, and the best practices for preventing and reporting data leakage incidents. Not requiring desktops to be encrypted, allowing staff to work remotely, and not updating security policies in the past year are also management decisions that may increase the risk of data leakage, but they are not as significant as not providing security awareness training to staff.
Encryption, remote work, and security policies are technical or administrative controls that can be implemented or enforced by management, but they cannot fully prevent or mitigate human errors or malicious actions by staff. References: CISA Review Manual (Digital Version), [ISACA Privacy Principles and Program Management Guide]
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