* A: Auditors approved for conducting onsite audits do require additional training for virtual audits to ensure they are competent in using the technology and tools required for conducting audits remotely12.
* E: The number of days assigned to a third-party audit is not determined by the auditee's availability, but rather by factors such as the size and complexity of the organization, the scope of the audit, and the requirements of the certification body34.
References: The answers are verified based on the content and objectives of the ISMS ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Auditor course, as well as the guidelines provided in the reference materials and documents related to the course.

Materiality should be considered during the initial contact to obtain reasonable assurance that the audit can be successfully completed. Determining materiality helps establish the threshold for the significance of audit findings, ensuring that the audit focuses on substantial issues that could impact the audit conclusions.
References: ISO 19011:2018, Guidelines for auditing management systems

The three options that would not be valid audit trails are:
*Collect more evidence on how the organisation manages the Point of Contact (PoC) which monitors vulnerabilities. (Relevant to clause 8.1)
*Collect more evidence on whether terms and definitions are contained in the information security policy.
(Relevant to control 5.32)
*Collect more evidence to determine if ISO 27035 (Information security incident management) is used as internal audit criteria. (Relevant to clause 8.13) These options are not valid audit trails because they are not directly related to the information security incident management process, which is the focus of the audit. The audit trails should be relevant to the objectives, scope, and criteria of the audit, and should provide sufficient and reliable evidence to support the audit findings and conclusions1.
Option E is not valid because the PoC is not a part of the information security incident management process, but rather a role that is responsible for reporting and escalating information security incidents to the appropriate authorities2. The audit trail should focus on how the PoC performs this function, not how the organisation manages the PoC.
Option G is not valid because the terms and definitions are not a part of the information security incident management process, but rather a part of the information security policy, which is a high-level document that defines the organisation's information security objectives, principles, and responsibilities3. The audit trail should focus on how the information security policy is communicated, implemented, and reviewed, not whether it contains terms and definitions.
Option H is not valid because ISO 27035 is not a part of the information security incident management process, but rather a guidance document that provides best practices for managing information security incidents4. The audit trail should focus on how the organisation follows the requirements of ISO/IEC 27001:
2022 for information security incident management, not whether it uses ISO 27035 as an internal audit criteria.
The other options are valid audit trails because they are related to the information security incident management process, and they can provide useful evidence to evaluate the conformity and effectiveness of the process. For example:
*Option A is valid because it relates to control A.5.29, which requires the organisation to establish procedures to isolate and quarantine areas subject to information security incidents, in order to prevent further damage and preserve evidence5. The audit trail should collect evidence on how the organisation implements and tests these procedures, and how they ensure the continuity of information security during disruption.
*Option B is valid because it relates to control A.6.8, which requires the organisation to establish mechanisms for reporting information security events and weaknesses, and to ensure that they are communicated in a timely manner to the appropriate levels within the organisation6. The audit trail should collect evidence on how the organisation defines and uses these mechanisms, and how they monitor and review the reporting process.
*Option C is valid because it relates to clause 7.2, which requires the organisation to provide information security awareness, education, and training to all persons under its control, and to evaluate the effectiveness of these activities7. The audit trail should collect evidence on how the organisation identifies the information security training needs, how they deliver and record the training, and how they measure the learning outcomes and feedback.
*Option D is valid because it relates to control A.5.27, which requires the organisation to learn from information security incidents and to implement corrective actions to prevent recurrence or reduce impact8.
The audit trail should collect evidence on how the organisation analyses and documents the root causes and consequences of information security incidents, how they identify and implement corrective actions, and how they verify the effectiveness of these actions.
*Option F is valid because it relates to control A.5.30, which requires the organisation to establish and maintain a business continuity plan to ensure the availability of information and information processing facilities in the event of a severe information security incident9. The audit trail should collect evidence on how the organisation develops and updates the business continuity plan, how they test and review the plan, and how they communicate and train the relevant personnel on the plan.
References: 1: ISO 19011:2018, 6.2;
2: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, A.6.8.1;
3: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, 5.2;
4: ISO/IEC 27035:2016, Introduction;
5: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, A.5.29;
6: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, A.6.8;
7: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, 7.2;
8: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, A.5.27;
9: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, A.5.30;
10: ISO 19011:2018;
11: ISO/IEC 27001:2022;
12: ISO/IEC 27001:2022;
13: ISO/IEC 27035:2016;
14: ISO/IEC 27001:2022;
15: ISO/IEC 27001:2022;
16: ISO/IEC 27001:2022;
17: ISO/IEC 27001:2022;
18: ISO/IEC 27001:2022

Yes, it is acceptable for Sinvestment to request that the review of documented information occur on-site. The company has the right to stipulate that no documents be carried off-site, especially to maintain control over sensitive information and ensure confidentiality, which aligns with the security controls expected in ISO/IEC
27001.
References: ISO/IEC 27001:2013, Clause 7.5 (Documented information)

The three options of the correct responses of an audit team leader to the request of the Technical Director are:
* B. Advise the Technical Director that his request will be included in the audit report.
* D. Advise the Technical Director that the nonconformity must stand since the evidence obtained for it was clear.
* H. State that a follow up audit will be necessary to review the evidence for the updated Statement of Applicability.
* B. This response is correct because the audit team leader should document the request of the Technical Director and include it in the audit report, along with the audit findings and conclusions12. This will ensure transparency and traceability of the audit process and the audit results.
* D. This response is correct because the audit team leader should not withdraw the nonconformity based on the amended Statement of Applicability alone. The nonconformity was raised against clause 6.1.3.e of ISO 27001:2022, which requires the organisation to produce and maintain a risk treatment plan that defines how the information security risks are treated, including the controls selected and their implementation status34. The Statement of Applicability is only one part of the risk treatment plan, and it does not provide sufficient evidence that the controls have been implemented effectively. The audit team leader should base the nonconformity on the objective evidence obtained during the audit, not on the subjective claims of the auditee12.
* H. This response is correct because the audit team leader should state that a follow up audit will be necessary to review the evidence for the updated Statement of Applicability. A follow up audit is an audit that is conducted after a previous audit to verify the implementation and effectiveness of the corrective actions and/or opportunities for improvement that were agreed upon as a result of the previous audit56. The follow up audit should seek to ensure that the nonconformity has been effectively addressed and that the ISMS is compliant and effective. The follow up audit should also consider any new or changed risks or requirements that may affect the ISMS56.
References:
1: PECB Candidate Handbook - ISO 27001 Lead Auditor, page 25 2: ISO 19011:2018 - Guidelines for auditing management systems, clause 6.7 3: ISO/IEC 27001:2022 - Information technology - Security techniques - Information security management systems - Requirements, clause 6.1.3.e 4: ISO/IEC 27005:
2022 - Information technology - Security techniques - Information security risk management, clause 8.3.2
5: PECB Candidate Handbook - ISO 27001 Lead Auditor, page 25 6: ISO 19011:2018 - Guidelines for auditing management systems, clause 6.7