CISA-KR 문제 131
라이브러리 제어 소프트웨어 패키지의 다음 기능 중 소스 코드의 무단 업데이트로부터 보호할 수 있는 것은 무엇입니까?
정답: C
Explanation
Access controls for source libraries are the features of a library control software package that would protect against unauthorized updating of source code. Access controls are the mechanisms that regulate who can access, modify, or delete the source code stored in the source libraries. Source libraries are the repositories that contain the source code files and their versions. By implementing access controls for source libraries, the library control software package can prevent unauthorized or malicious users from tampering with the source code and compromising its integrity, security, or functionality1.
The other options are not as effective as access controls for source libraries in protecting against unauthorized updating of source code. Option A, required approvals at each life cycle step, is a good practice but may not be sufficient to prevent unauthorized updates if the approval process is bypassed or compromised. Option B, date and time stamping of source and object code, is a useful feature but may not prevent unauthorized updates if the date and time stamps are altered or ignored. Option D, release-to-release comparison of source code, is a helpful feature but may not prevent unauthorized updates if the comparison results are not reviewed or acted upon.
References:
ISACA, CISA Review Manual, 27th Edition, 2019
ISACA, CISA Review Questions, Answers & Explanations Database - 12 Month Subscription How to protect your source code from attackers2 How to Stop Unauthorized Use of Open Source Code
Access controls for source libraries are the features of a library control software package that would protect against unauthorized updating of source code. Access controls are the mechanisms that regulate who can access, modify, or delete the source code stored in the source libraries. Source libraries are the repositories that contain the source code files and their versions. By implementing access controls for source libraries, the library control software package can prevent unauthorized or malicious users from tampering with the source code and compromising its integrity, security, or functionality1.
The other options are not as effective as access controls for source libraries in protecting against unauthorized updating of source code. Option A, required approvals at each life cycle step, is a good practice but may not be sufficient to prevent unauthorized updates if the approval process is bypassed or compromised. Option B, date and time stamping of source and object code, is a useful feature but may not prevent unauthorized updates if the date and time stamps are altered or ignored. Option D, release-to-release comparison of source code, is a helpful feature but may not prevent unauthorized updates if the comparison results are not reviewed or acted upon.
References:
ISACA, CISA Review Manual, 27th Edition, 2019
ISACA, CISA Review Questions, Answers & Explanations Database - 12 Month Subscription How to protect your source code from attackers2 How to Stop Unauthorized Use of Open Source Code
CISA-KR 문제 132
컴퓨터 포렌식 감사는 다음 중 어떤 상황에서 가장 관련이 있습니까?
정답: D
Explanation
A computer forensic audit is a process of collecting, preserving, analyzing, and presenting digital evidence from electronic devices in a legally admissible manner. It is most relevant in situations where data loss due to hacking of servers occurs, as it can help to identify the source, method, and extent of the attack, as well as recover the lost or damaged data. The other options are not as suitable for a computer forensic audit, as they relate to internal control issues, data quality issues, or system maintenance issues, which can be addressed by other types of audits or reviews. References: CISA Review Manual (Digital Version), Domain 4: Information Systems Operations and Business Resilience, Section 4.5 Computer Forensics1
A computer forensic audit is a process of collecting, preserving, analyzing, and presenting digital evidence from electronic devices in a legally admissible manner. It is most relevant in situations where data loss due to hacking of servers occurs, as it can help to identify the source, method, and extent of the attack, as well as recover the lost or damaged data. The other options are not as suitable for a computer forensic audit, as they relate to internal control issues, data quality issues, or system maintenance issues, which can be addressed by other types of audits or reviews. References: CISA Review Manual (Digital Version), Domain 4: Information Systems Operations and Business Resilience, Section 4.5 Computer Forensics1
CISA-KR 문제 133
데이터 분류 프로그램을 만들 때 첫 번째 단계는 무엇입니까?
정답: D
Explanation
The first step when creating a data classification program is to develop a policy (D). A data classification policy is a document that defines the purpose, scope, objectives, roles, responsibilities, and procedures of the data classification program. A data classification policy is essential for establishing the governance framework, standards, and guidelines for the data classification process. A data classification policy also helps to communicate the expectations and benefits of the data classification program to the stakeholders, such as data owners, users, custodians, and auditors12.
Categorizing and prioritizing data (A) is not the first step when creating a data classification program, but the third step. Categorizing and prioritizing data involves defining and applying the criteria and labels for classifying data based on its sensitivity, value, and risk. For example, data can be categorized into public, internal, confidential, or restricted levels. Categorizing and prioritizing data helps to identify and protect the most critical and sensitive data assets of the organization12.
Developing data process maps (B) is not the first step when creating a data classification program, but the fourth step. Developing data process maps involves documenting and analyzing the flow and lifecycle of data within the organization. Data process maps show how data is created, collected, stored, processed, transmitted, used, shared, archived, and disposed of. Developing data process maps helps to understand the context and dependencies of data, as well as to identify and mitigate any potential risks or issues related to data quality, security, or compliance12.
Categorizing information by owner is not the first step when creating a data classification program, but the second step. Categorizing information by owner involves assigning roles and responsibilities for each type of data based on its ownership and stewardship. Data owners are the individuals or entities that have the authority and accountability for the data. Data stewards are the individuals or entities that have the operational responsibility for managing and maintaining the data. Data custodians are the individuals or entities that have the technical responsibility for implementing and enforcing the security and access controls for the data12.
References:
7 Steps to Effective Data Classification | CDW
Data Classification: The Basics and a 6-Step Checklist - NetApp
The first step when creating a data classification program is to develop a policy (D). A data classification policy is a document that defines the purpose, scope, objectives, roles, responsibilities, and procedures of the data classification program. A data classification policy is essential for establishing the governance framework, standards, and guidelines for the data classification process. A data classification policy also helps to communicate the expectations and benefits of the data classification program to the stakeholders, such as data owners, users, custodians, and auditors12.
Categorizing and prioritizing data (A) is not the first step when creating a data classification program, but the third step. Categorizing and prioritizing data involves defining and applying the criteria and labels for classifying data based on its sensitivity, value, and risk. For example, data can be categorized into public, internal, confidential, or restricted levels. Categorizing and prioritizing data helps to identify and protect the most critical and sensitive data assets of the organization12.
Developing data process maps (B) is not the first step when creating a data classification program, but the fourth step. Developing data process maps involves documenting and analyzing the flow and lifecycle of data within the organization. Data process maps show how data is created, collected, stored, processed, transmitted, used, shared, archived, and disposed of. Developing data process maps helps to understand the context and dependencies of data, as well as to identify and mitigate any potential risks or issues related to data quality, security, or compliance12.
Categorizing information by owner is not the first step when creating a data classification program, but the second step. Categorizing information by owner involves assigning roles and responsibilities for each type of data based on its ownership and stewardship. Data owners are the individuals or entities that have the authority and accountability for the data. Data stewards are the individuals or entities that have the operational responsibility for managing and maintaining the data. Data custodians are the individuals or entities that have the technical responsibility for implementing and enforcing the security and access controls for the data12.
References:
7 Steps to Effective Data Classification | CDW
Data Classification: The Basics and a 6-Step Checklist - NetApp
CISA-KR 문제 134
다음 중 애플리케이션이 개별 최종 사용자 계정을 사용하여 기본 데이터베이스에 액세스할 때 가장 심각한 위험은 무엇입니까?
정답: C
Explanation
The most significant risk when an application uses individual end-user accounts to access the underlying database is that users may be able to circumvent application controls. Application controls are the policies, procedures, and mechanisms that ensure the accuracy, completeness, validity, and authorization of transactions and data within an application. Application controls can include input validation, output verification, processing logic, reconciliation, exception handling, and audit trails. Application controls can help prevent or detect errors, fraud, or unauthorized access or modification of data.
However, if an application uses individual end-user accounts to access the underlying database, it means that the users have direct access to the database without going through the application layer. This can expose the database to potential risks such as:
Users may be able to bypass the application controls and manipulate the data in the database directly using SQL commands or other tools. For example, users may be able to change their own or others' salaries, grades, or balances without proper authorization or validation.
Users may be able to access or disclose sensitive or confidential data that they are not supposed to see or share. For example, users may be able to view other users' personal information, passwords, or credit card numbers.
Users may be able to introduce errors or inconsistencies in the data by entering invalid or incorrect data or by deleting or modifying existing data. For example, users may be able to create duplicate records, break referential integrity, or cause data loss or corruption.
Users may be able to compromise the security and performance of the database by creating unauthorized objects, granting excessive privileges, executing malicious code, or consuming excessive resources. For example, users may be able to create backdoors, viruses, or denial-of-service attacks.
Therefore, using individual end-user accounts to access the underlying database can pose a serious threat to the integrity, confidentiality, availability, and reliability of the data and the application.
The other options are not as significant as option C. Multiple connects to the database are used and slow the process is a performance issue that can affect the efficiency and responsiveness of the application and the database, but it does not necessarily compromise the data quality or security. User accounts may remain active after a termination is a security issue that can increase the risk of unauthorized access or misuse of data by former employees or others who have access to their credentials, but it can be mitigated by implementing proper account management and monitoring processes. Application may not capture a complete audit trail is a compliance issue that can affect the accountability and traceability of transactions and data within the application and the database, but it does not directly affect the data accuracy or protection.
References:
Should application users be database users? - Stack Overflow1
An Approach Toward Sarbanes-Oxley ITGC Risk Assessment - ISACA2
ISACA CISA Certified Information Systems Auditor Exam ... - PUPUWEB3
Why inactive accounts are a security risk | Stratosphere4
The most significant risk when an application uses individual end-user accounts to access the underlying database is that users may be able to circumvent application controls. Application controls are the policies, procedures, and mechanisms that ensure the accuracy, completeness, validity, and authorization of transactions and data within an application. Application controls can include input validation, output verification, processing logic, reconciliation, exception handling, and audit trails. Application controls can help prevent or detect errors, fraud, or unauthorized access or modification of data.
However, if an application uses individual end-user accounts to access the underlying database, it means that the users have direct access to the database without going through the application layer. This can expose the database to potential risks such as:
Users may be able to bypass the application controls and manipulate the data in the database directly using SQL commands or other tools. For example, users may be able to change their own or others' salaries, grades, or balances without proper authorization or validation.
Users may be able to access or disclose sensitive or confidential data that they are not supposed to see or share. For example, users may be able to view other users' personal information, passwords, or credit card numbers.
Users may be able to introduce errors or inconsistencies in the data by entering invalid or incorrect data or by deleting or modifying existing data. For example, users may be able to create duplicate records, break referential integrity, or cause data loss or corruption.
Users may be able to compromise the security and performance of the database by creating unauthorized objects, granting excessive privileges, executing malicious code, or consuming excessive resources. For example, users may be able to create backdoors, viruses, or denial-of-service attacks.
Therefore, using individual end-user accounts to access the underlying database can pose a serious threat to the integrity, confidentiality, availability, and reliability of the data and the application.
The other options are not as significant as option C. Multiple connects to the database are used and slow the process is a performance issue that can affect the efficiency and responsiveness of the application and the database, but it does not necessarily compromise the data quality or security. User accounts may remain active after a termination is a security issue that can increase the risk of unauthorized access or misuse of data by former employees or others who have access to their credentials, but it can be mitigated by implementing proper account management and monitoring processes. Application may not capture a complete audit trail is a compliance issue that can affect the accountability and traceability of transactions and data within the application and the database, but it does not directly affect the data accuracy or protection.
References:
Should application users be database users? - Stack Overflow1
An Approach Toward Sarbanes-Oxley ITGC Risk Assessment - ISACA2
ISACA CISA Certified Information Systems Auditor Exam ... - PUPUWEB3
Why inactive accounts are a security risk | Stratosphere4
CISA-KR 문제 135
다음 중 해커 침입에 대해 가장 강력한 제어 기능을 제공하는 방화벽 유형은 무엇입니까?
정답: B
Explanation
The type of firewall that provides the greatest degree of control against hacker intrusion is an application level gateway. A firewall is a device or software that filters or blocks network traffic based on predefined rules or policies. A firewall can help protect an information system or network from unauthorized access or attack by hackers or other malicious entities. An application level gateway is a type of firewall that operates at the application layer of the network model (layer 7), which is where user applications communicate with each other over the network. An application level gateway provides the greatest degree of control against hacker intrusion, by inspecting and analyzing the content and context of each network packet at the application level, such as protocols, commands, requests, responses, etc., and allowing or denying access based on specific criteria or conditions. An application level gateway can also perform additional functions such as authentication, encryption, caching, logging, etc., to enhance the security and performance of network traffic.
A circuit gateway is a type of firewall that operates at the transport layer of the network model (layer 4), which is where data are transferred between end points over the network. A circuit gateway provides a moderate degree of control against hacker intrusion by establishing a secure connection between two end points (such as client and server) and relaying network packets between them without inspecting or analyzing their content. A circuit gateway can also perform functions such as encryption, authentication, or address translation to improve the security and privacy of network traffic. A packet filtering router is a type of firewall that operates at the network layer of the network model (layer 3), which is where data are routed between different networks or subnets. A packet filtering router provides a low degree of control against hacker intrusion by examining the header of each network packet and allowing or denying access based on basic criteria such as source address, destination address, port number, protocol, etc. A packet filtering router can also perform functions such as routing, forwarding, or address translation to optimize the delivery and efficiency of network traffic. A screening router is a type of firewall that operates at the network layer of the network model (layer 3), which is where data are routed between different networks or subnets. A screening router provides a low degree of control against hacker intrusion by examining the header of each network packet and allowing or denying access based on basic criteria such as source address, destination address, port number, protocol, etc. A screening router can also perform functions such as routing, forwarding, or address translation to optimize the delivery and efficiency of network traffic.
The type of firewall that provides the greatest degree of control against hacker intrusion is an application level gateway. A firewall is a device or software that filters or blocks network traffic based on predefined rules or policies. A firewall can help protect an information system or network from unauthorized access or attack by hackers or other malicious entities. An application level gateway is a type of firewall that operates at the application layer of the network model (layer 7), which is where user applications communicate with each other over the network. An application level gateway provides the greatest degree of control against hacker intrusion, by inspecting and analyzing the content and context of each network packet at the application level, such as protocols, commands, requests, responses, etc., and allowing or denying access based on specific criteria or conditions. An application level gateway can also perform additional functions such as authentication, encryption, caching, logging, etc., to enhance the security and performance of network traffic.
A circuit gateway is a type of firewall that operates at the transport layer of the network model (layer 4), which is where data are transferred between end points over the network. A circuit gateway provides a moderate degree of control against hacker intrusion by establishing a secure connection between two end points (such as client and server) and relaying network packets between them without inspecting or analyzing their content. A circuit gateway can also perform functions such as encryption, authentication, or address translation to improve the security and privacy of network traffic. A packet filtering router is a type of firewall that operates at the network layer of the network model (layer 3), which is where data are routed between different networks or subnets. A packet filtering router provides a low degree of control against hacker intrusion by examining the header of each network packet and allowing or denying access based on basic criteria such as source address, destination address, port number, protocol, etc. A packet filtering router can also perform functions such as routing, forwarding, or address translation to optimize the delivery and efficiency of network traffic. A screening router is a type of firewall that operates at the network layer of the network model (layer 3), which is where data are routed between different networks or subnets. A screening router provides a low degree of control against hacker intrusion by examining the header of each network packet and allowing or denying access based on basic criteria such as source address, destination address, port number, protocol, etc. A screening router can also perform functions such as routing, forwarding, or address translation to optimize the delivery and efficiency of network traffic.
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