CISA-KR 문제 106
The best approach to determine whether IT service delivery is based on consistently effective processes is to evaluate key performance indicators (KPIs). KPIs are measurable values that demonstrate how effectively an organization is achieving its key objectives. KPIs can help the IT governance body to monitor and assess the performance, quality, and efficiency of the IT service delivery processes. KPIs can also help to identify areas for improvement and benchmark against best practices or industry standards. References:
CISA Review Manual (Digital Version), Chapter 1, Section 1.3.21
CISA Online Review Course, Domain 5, Module 2, Lesson 22
CISA-KR 문제 107
A single point of failure is a component or system that, if it fails, will cause the entire system to stop functioning. In virtual environments, the hypervisor is the software layer that enables multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical host. If the hypervisor is compromised, corrupted, or unavailable, all the virtual machines running on that host will be affected. This can result in data loss, downtime, or security breaches.
References
ISACA CISA Review Manual, 27th Edition, page 254
Virtualization: What are the security risks?
What Is a Hypervisor? (Definition, Types, Risks)
CISA-KR 문제 108
The primary purpose of performing a parallel run of a new system is to validate the new system against its predecessor. A parallel run is a strategy for system changeover where a new system slowly assumes the roles of the older system while both systems operate simultaneously. This allows for comparison of the results and outputs of both systems to ensure that the new system is working correctly and reliably. A parallel run can also help identify and resolve any errors, discrepancies, or inconsistencies in the new system before the old system is discontinued.
The other options are not the primary purpose of performing a parallel run of a new system. A. To train the end users and supporting staff on the new system. Training is an important part of system implementation, but it is not the main reason for doing a parallel run. Training can be done before, during, or after the parallel run, depending on the needs and preferences of the organization. B. To verify the new system provides required business functionality. Verifying the business functionality of the new system is part of user acceptance testing (UAT), which is a formal and structured process of testing whether the new system meets the specifications and expectations of the users and stakeholders. UAT is usually done before the parallel run, as a prerequisite for system changeover. C. To reduce the need for additional testing. Reducing the need for additional testing is not the primary purpose of performing a parallel run, but rather a possible benefit or outcome of doing so. A parallel run can help ensure that the new system is thoroughly tested and validated in a real-world environment, which may reduce the likelihood of encountering major issues or defects later on. However, additional testing may still be needed after the parallel run, depending on the feedback and evaluation of the users and stakeholders.
References:
ISACA, CISA Review Manual, 27th Edition, 2019, p. 2471
IS
CISA-KR 문제 109
Real-time replication to a second data center means that any changes made to the primary data center are immediately copied to the secondary data center. This can improve data availability and performance, but also introduces the risk of propagating malicious or erroneous changes to the backup data center. If a cybersecurity attack compromises the primary data center, it may also affect the secondary data center, making it difficult or impossible to recover from the attack using the replicated data. Therefore, option C is the greatest risk associated with this change.
Option A is not correct because version control issues are more likely to occur with batch processing backup, which may create inconsistencies between different versions of the data. Option B is not correct because real-time replication may reduce system performance at the primary data center, but it may also improve system performance at the secondary data center by reducing latency and network traffic. Option D is not correct because although real-time replication may increase IT investment cost, this is not a risk but a trade-off that the organization has to consider.
References:
Data Replication: The Basics, Risks, and Best Practices1
Best Practices for Data Replication Between Data Centers2
The Good, Bad, and Ugly of Data Replication3
CISA-KR 문제 110
Segregation of duties (SoD) is a key internal control that aims to prevent fraud and errors by ensuring that no single individual can perform incompatible or conflicting tasks within a business process. SoD reduces the risk of unauthorized or improper transactions, manipulation of data, or misappropriation of assets.
In the accounts payable department, SoD involves separating the following functions: invoice processing, payment authorization, payment execution, and reconciliation. For example, the person who approves an invoice should not be the same person who issues the payment or reconciles the bank statement.
One of the best ways to ensure appropriate SoD within the accounts payable department is to restrict program functionality according to user security profiles. This means that each user of the accounts payable system should have a unique login and password, and should only have access to the functions that are relevant to their role and responsibilities. For instance, an invoice processor should not be able to approve payments or modify vendor records. This way, the system can enforce SoD and prevent unauthorized or fraudulent activities.
The other options are not as effective as restricting program functionality according to user security profiles.
Restricting access to update programs to accounts payable staff only is a general access control measure, but it does not address the SoD issue within the accounts payable department. Including the creator's user ID as a field in every transaction record created is a useful audit trail feature, but it does not prevent users from performing incompatible functions. Ensuring that audit trails exist for transactions is a detective control that can help identify and investigate any irregularities, but it does not prevent them from occurring in the first place.
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