CISA-KR 문제 311
다음 중 비즈니스 영향 분석(B1A)을 수행하는 데 가장 유용한 정보를 제공하는 것은 무엇입니까?
정답: A
Explanation
A business impact analysis (BIA) is a process that identifies and evaluates the potential effects of disruptions to critical business operations as a result of a disaster, accident or emergency. A BIA should include an inventory of relevant business processes that support the organization's strategic objectives and are essential for its continuity. The inventory should also identify the dependencies, interdependencies, recovery priorities and time frames for each business process. Policies for business procurement, documentation of application configurations and results of business resumption planning efforts are not as useful as an inventory of relevant business processes for performing a BIA. References:
Business Impact Analysis (BIA) Definition
Business Impact Analysis (BIA) | ISACA
A business impact analysis (BIA) is a process that identifies and evaluates the potential effects of disruptions to critical business operations as a result of a disaster, accident or emergency. A BIA should include an inventory of relevant business processes that support the organization's strategic objectives and are essential for its continuity. The inventory should also identify the dependencies, interdependencies, recovery priorities and time frames for each business process. Policies for business procurement, documentation of application configurations and results of business resumption planning efforts are not as useful as an inventory of relevant business processes for performing a BIA. References:
Business Impact Analysis (BIA) Definition
Business Impact Analysis (BIA) | ISACA
CISA-KR 문제 312
다음 중 데이터 유출을 방지하기 위해 조직의 BYOD(Bring Your Own Device) 정책에 포함할 가장 좋은 권장 사항은 무엇입니까?
정답: B
Explanation
The best recommendation to include in an organization's bring your own device (BYOD) policy to help prevent data leakage is to require multi-factor authentication on BYOD devices. BYOD is a practice that allows employees to use their own personal devices, such as smartphones, tablets, or laptops, to access the organization's network, data, and systems. Data leakage is a risk that involves the unauthorized or accidental disclosure or transfer of sensitive or confidential data from the organization to external parties or devices.
Multi-factor authentication is a security measure that requires users to provide two or more pieces of evidence to verify their identity and access rights, such as passwords, tokens, biometrics, or codes. Multi-factor authentication can help prevent data leakage by reducing the likelihood of unauthorized access to the organization's data and systems through BYOD devices, especially if they are lost, stolen, or compromised. The other options are not as effective as requiring multi-factor authentication on BYOD devices, because they either do not prevent data leakage directly, or they are reactive rather than proactive measures. References: CISA Review Manual (Digital Version)1, Chapter 5, Section 5.2.3
The best recommendation to include in an organization's bring your own device (BYOD) policy to help prevent data leakage is to require multi-factor authentication on BYOD devices. BYOD is a practice that allows employees to use their own personal devices, such as smartphones, tablets, or laptops, to access the organization's network, data, and systems. Data leakage is a risk that involves the unauthorized or accidental disclosure or transfer of sensitive or confidential data from the organization to external parties or devices.
Multi-factor authentication is a security measure that requires users to provide two or more pieces of evidence to verify their identity and access rights, such as passwords, tokens, biometrics, or codes. Multi-factor authentication can help prevent data leakage by reducing the likelihood of unauthorized access to the organization's data and systems through BYOD devices, especially if they are lost, stolen, or compromised. The other options are not as effective as requiring multi-factor authentication on BYOD devices, because they either do not prevent data leakage directly, or they are reactive rather than proactive measures. References: CISA Review Manual (Digital Version)1, Chapter 5, Section 5.2.3
CISA-KR 문제 313
조직은 이전의 중앙 집중식 보안 관리 시스템을 대체하기 위해 분산 보안 관리 시스템을 구현했습니다. 다음 중 가장 큰 잠재적 우려 사항은 무엇입니까?
정답: A
Explanation
A distributed security administration system is a system that allows different administrators to manage the security of different parts of the network or organization. This can provide more flexibility, scalability, and efficiency than a centralized system, where one administrator is responsible for the entire security. However, a distributed security administration system also presents some potential challenges and risks, such as:
Inconsistency and conflict among different security policies and standards Lack of coordination and communication among different administrators Difficulty in monitoring and auditing the overall security status and performance Increased complexity and cost of security management and maintenance Therefore, the greatest potential concern for implementing a distributed security administration system is that the security procedures may be inadequate to support the change. Security procedures are the rules and guidelines that define how security is implemented and enforced in an organization. They include policies, standards, processes, roles, responsibilities, controls, and metrics. Security procedures should be aligned with the business objectives, risks, and requirements of the organization, as well as the best practices and regulations in the industry. Security procedures should also be reviewed and updated regularly to reflect the changes in the environment, technology, and threats.
If the security procedures are not adequate to support the change from a centralized to a distributed security administration system, the organization may face increased security risks, such as unauthorized access, data breaches, compliance violations, reputation damage, and financial losses. Therefore, it is essential to ensure that the security procedures are revised and adapted to suit the new system, and that they are communicated and enforced effectively across the organization.
References:
1: Security in Distributed System - GeeksforGeeks
2: Distributed System Security Architecture - Wikipedia
3: Distributed Systems Security: Issues, Processes and Solutions
A distributed security administration system is a system that allows different administrators to manage the security of different parts of the network or organization. This can provide more flexibility, scalability, and efficiency than a centralized system, where one administrator is responsible for the entire security. However, a distributed security administration system also presents some potential challenges and risks, such as:
Inconsistency and conflict among different security policies and standards Lack of coordination and communication among different administrators Difficulty in monitoring and auditing the overall security status and performance Increased complexity and cost of security management and maintenance Therefore, the greatest potential concern for implementing a distributed security administration system is that the security procedures may be inadequate to support the change. Security procedures are the rules and guidelines that define how security is implemented and enforced in an organization. They include policies, standards, processes, roles, responsibilities, controls, and metrics. Security procedures should be aligned with the business objectives, risks, and requirements of the organization, as well as the best practices and regulations in the industry. Security procedures should also be reviewed and updated regularly to reflect the changes in the environment, technology, and threats.
If the security procedures are not adequate to support the change from a centralized to a distributed security administration system, the organization may face increased security risks, such as unauthorized access, data breaches, compliance violations, reputation damage, and financial losses. Therefore, it is essential to ensure that the security procedures are revised and adapted to suit the new system, and that they are communicated and enforced effectively across the organization.
References:
1: Security in Distributed System - GeeksforGeeks
2: Distributed System Security Architecture - Wikipedia
3: Distributed Systems Security: Issues, Processes and Solutions
CISA-KR 문제 314
다음 중 EUC(최종 사용자 컴퓨팅)에서 생성된 보고서에 의존할 때 가장 큰 위험은 무엇입니까?
정답: A
Explanation
End-user computing (EUC) is a system in which users are able to create working applications besides the divided development process of design, build, test and release that is typically followed by software engineers1. Examples of EUC tools include spreadsheets, databases, low-code/no-code platforms, and generative AI applications2. EUC tools can provide flexibility, efficiency, and innovation for the users, but they also pose significant risks if not properly managed and controlled3.
The greatest risk when relying on reports generated by EUC is that the data may be inaccurate. Data accuracy refers to the extent to which the data in the reports reflect the true values of the underlying information4.
Inaccurate data can lead to erroneous decisions, misleading analysis, unreliable reporting, and compliance violations. Some of the factors that can cause data inaccuracy in EUC reports are:
Lack of rigorous testing: EUC tools may not undergo the same level of testing and validation as IT-developed applications, which can result in errors, bugs, or inconsistencies in the data processing and output3.
Lack of version and change control: EUC tools may not have a clear record of the changes made to them over time, which can create confusion, duplication, or loss of data. Users may also modify or overwrite the data without proper authorization or documentation3.
Lack of documentation and reliance on end-user who developed it: EUC tools may not have sufficient documentation to explain their purpose, functionality, assumptions, limitations, and dependencies. Users may also rely on the knowledge and expertise of the original developer, who may not be available or may not have followed best practices3.
Lack of maintenance processes: EUC tools may not have regular updates, backups, or reviews to ensure their functionality and security. Users may also neglect to delete or archive obsolete or redundant data3.
Lack of security: EUC tools may not have adequate access controls, encryption, or authentication mechanisms to protect the data from unauthorized access, modification, or disclosure. Users may also store or share the data in insecure locations or devices3.
Lack of audit trail: EUC tools may not have a traceable history of the data sources, inputs, outputs, calculations, and transformations. Users may also manipulate or falsify the data without detection or accountability3.
Overreliance on manual controls: EUC tools may depend on human intervention to input, verify, or correct the data, which can introduce errors, delays, or biases. Users may also lack the skills or training to use the EUC tools effectively and efficiently3.
The other options are not as great as data inaccuracy when relying on EUC reports. Reports may not work efficiently, reports may not be timely, and historical data may not be available are all potential risks associated with EUC tools, but they are less severe and less frequent than data inaccuracy. Moreover, these risks can be mitigated by improving the performance, scheduling, and storage of the EUC tools. However, data inaccuracy can have a pervasive and lasting impact on the quality and credibility of the reports and the decisions based on them. Therefore, option A is the correct answer.
References:
What is Data Accuracy?
What Is End User Computing (EUC) Risk?
End-user computing
End-User Computing (EUC) Risks: A Comprehensive Guide
End-user computing (EUC) is a system in which users are able to create working applications besides the divided development process of design, build, test and release that is typically followed by software engineers1. Examples of EUC tools include spreadsheets, databases, low-code/no-code platforms, and generative AI applications2. EUC tools can provide flexibility, efficiency, and innovation for the users, but they also pose significant risks if not properly managed and controlled3.
The greatest risk when relying on reports generated by EUC is that the data may be inaccurate. Data accuracy refers to the extent to which the data in the reports reflect the true values of the underlying information4.
Inaccurate data can lead to erroneous decisions, misleading analysis, unreliable reporting, and compliance violations. Some of the factors that can cause data inaccuracy in EUC reports are:
Lack of rigorous testing: EUC tools may not undergo the same level of testing and validation as IT-developed applications, which can result in errors, bugs, or inconsistencies in the data processing and output3.
Lack of version and change control: EUC tools may not have a clear record of the changes made to them over time, which can create confusion, duplication, or loss of data. Users may also modify or overwrite the data without proper authorization or documentation3.
Lack of documentation and reliance on end-user who developed it: EUC tools may not have sufficient documentation to explain their purpose, functionality, assumptions, limitations, and dependencies. Users may also rely on the knowledge and expertise of the original developer, who may not be available or may not have followed best practices3.
Lack of maintenance processes: EUC tools may not have regular updates, backups, or reviews to ensure their functionality and security. Users may also neglect to delete or archive obsolete or redundant data3.
Lack of security: EUC tools may not have adequate access controls, encryption, or authentication mechanisms to protect the data from unauthorized access, modification, or disclosure. Users may also store or share the data in insecure locations or devices3.
Lack of audit trail: EUC tools may not have a traceable history of the data sources, inputs, outputs, calculations, and transformations. Users may also manipulate or falsify the data without detection or accountability3.
Overreliance on manual controls: EUC tools may depend on human intervention to input, verify, or correct the data, which can introduce errors, delays, or biases. Users may also lack the skills or training to use the EUC tools effectively and efficiently3.
The other options are not as great as data inaccuracy when relying on EUC reports. Reports may not work efficiently, reports may not be timely, and historical data may not be available are all potential risks associated with EUC tools, but they are less severe and less frequent than data inaccuracy. Moreover, these risks can be mitigated by improving the performance, scheduling, and storage of the EUC tools. However, data inaccuracy can have a pervasive and lasting impact on the quality and credibility of the reports and the decisions based on them. Therefore, option A is the correct answer.
References:
What is Data Accuracy?
What Is End User Computing (EUC) Risk?
End-user computing
End-User Computing (EUC) Risks: A Comprehensive Guide
CISA-KR 문제 315
설계 단계의 프로젝트가 조직 목표를 충족하는지 여부를 결정할 때 비즈니스 사례와 비교하는 것이 가장 좋은 것은?
정답: C
Explanation
Requirements analysis should be the best thing to compare against the business case when determining whether a project in the design phase will meet organizational objectives, because it defines the functional and non-functional specifications of the project deliverables that should satisfy the business needs and expectations. Requirements analysis can help evaluate whether the project design is aligned with the business case and whether it can achieve the desired outcomes and benefits. Implementation plan, project budget provisions, and project plan are also important aspects of a project in the design phase, but they are not as relevant as requirements analysis for comparing against the business case. References: CISA Review Manual (Digital Version), Chapter 4, Section 4.2.1
Requirements analysis should be the best thing to compare against the business case when determining whether a project in the design phase will meet organizational objectives, because it defines the functional and non-functional specifications of the project deliverables that should satisfy the business needs and expectations. Requirements analysis can help evaluate whether the project design is aligned with the business case and whether it can achieve the desired outcomes and benefits. Implementation plan, project budget provisions, and project plan are also important aspects of a project in the design phase, but they are not as relevant as requirements analysis for comparing against the business case. References: CISA Review Manual (Digital Version), Chapter 4, Section 4.2.1
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