CISA-KR 문제 511
조직의 패치 관리 프로세스를 평가하는 IS 감사자에게 가장 큰 관심사가 될 만한 결과는 다음 중 어느 것일까요?
정답: A
The organization's software inventory is not complete. This finding would be of greatest concern to an IS auditor assessing an organization's patch management process because:
A software inventory is a list of all the software assets that an organization owns, uses, or manages. A software inventory is essential for effective patch management, as it helps identify the software that needs to be updated, the patches that are available, and the dependencies and compatibility issues that may arise.
Without a complete software inventory, an organization may miss some critical patches, expose itself to security risks, and waste resources on unnecessary or redundant patches.
Applications frequently need to be rebooted for patches to take effect. This finding would be of moderate concern to an IS auditor assessing an organization's patch management process because:
Rebooting applications for patches to take effect is a common and expected practice in some cases, especially for operating system or kernel patches. However, frequent reboots may indicate that the organization is not applying patches in a timely or efficient manner, or that the patches are not well-designed or tested. Frequent reboots may also cause disruption to the business operations and user experience, and increase the risk of data loss or corruption.
Software vendors are bundling patches. This finding would be of low concern to an IS auditor assessing an organization's patch management process because:
Bundling patches is a practice where software vendors combine multiple patches into a single package or update. Bundling patches can have some advantages, such as reducing the number of downloads and installations, simplifying the patch management process, and ensuring consistency and compatibility among patches. However, bundling patches can also have some disadvantages, such as increasing the size and complexity of the updates, delaying the delivery of critical patches, and introducing new bugs or vulnerabilities.
Testing patches takes significant time. This finding would be of low concern to an IS auditor assessing an organization's patch management process because:
Testing patches is a vital step in the patch management process, as it helps ensure that the patches are functional, secure, and compatible with the existing software and hardware environment. Testing patches can take significant time, depending on the scope, complexity, and frequency of the patches. However, testing patches is a necessary investment to avoid potential problems or failures that could result from applying untested or faulty patches.
References:
Best practices for patch management
Server Patch Management: Best Practices and Tools
11 Key Steps of the Patch Management Process
A software inventory is a list of all the software assets that an organization owns, uses, or manages. A software inventory is essential for effective patch management, as it helps identify the software that needs to be updated, the patches that are available, and the dependencies and compatibility issues that may arise.
Without a complete software inventory, an organization may miss some critical patches, expose itself to security risks, and waste resources on unnecessary or redundant patches.
Applications frequently need to be rebooted for patches to take effect. This finding would be of moderate concern to an IS auditor assessing an organization's patch management process because:
Rebooting applications for patches to take effect is a common and expected practice in some cases, especially for operating system or kernel patches. However, frequent reboots may indicate that the organization is not applying patches in a timely or efficient manner, or that the patches are not well-designed or tested. Frequent reboots may also cause disruption to the business operations and user experience, and increase the risk of data loss or corruption.
Software vendors are bundling patches. This finding would be of low concern to an IS auditor assessing an organization's patch management process because:
Bundling patches is a practice where software vendors combine multiple patches into a single package or update. Bundling patches can have some advantages, such as reducing the number of downloads and installations, simplifying the patch management process, and ensuring consistency and compatibility among patches. However, bundling patches can also have some disadvantages, such as increasing the size and complexity of the updates, delaying the delivery of critical patches, and introducing new bugs or vulnerabilities.
Testing patches takes significant time. This finding would be of low concern to an IS auditor assessing an organization's patch management process because:
Testing patches is a vital step in the patch management process, as it helps ensure that the patches are functional, secure, and compatible with the existing software and hardware environment. Testing patches can take significant time, depending on the scope, complexity, and frequency of the patches. However, testing patches is a necessary investment to avoid potential problems or failures that could result from applying untested or faulty patches.
References:
Best practices for patch management
Server Patch Management: Best Practices and Tools
11 Key Steps of the Patch Management Process
CISA-KR 문제 512
조직이 IT 보안 요구 사항에 영향을 미칠 가능성이 있는 새로운 규정을 알게 되었을 때 IS 감사원은 다음 중 가장 먼저 수행하도록 권장해야 하는 것은 무엇입니까?
정답: B
The first thing that an IS auditor should recommend when an organization is made aware of a new regulation that is likely to impact IT security requirements is to determine which systems and IT-related processes may be impacted. This is because the impact assessment is a crucial step to understand the scope and magnitude of the changes that the new regulation may entail, as well as the potential risks and gaps that need to be addressed. The impact assessment can help the organization to prioritize and plan the necessary actions and resourcesto comply with the new regulation in a timely and effective manner12.
Updating security policies based on the new regulation is not the first thing to do, because it requires a clear understanding of the impact and implications of the new regulation, which can only be obtained after conducting an impact assessment. Updating security policies without an impact assessment may result in incomplete, inconsistent, or ineffective policies that may not meet the regulatory requirements or the organizational needs12.
Evaluating how security awareness and training content may be impacted is not the first thing to do, because it is a secondary or supporting activity that depends on the results of the impact assessment and the policy updates. Evaluating security awareness and training content without an impact assessment or policy updates may result in inaccurate, outdated, or irrelevant content that may not reflect the regulatory requirements or the organizational expectations34.
Reviewing the design and effectiveness of existing IT controls is not the first thing to do, because it is a monitoring or assurance activity that follows the implementation of the changes based on the impact assessment and the policy updates. Reviewing IT controls without an impact assessment or policy updates may result in misleading, incomplete, or invalidfindings that may not capture the regulatory requirements or the organizational performance
Updating security policies based on the new regulation is not the first thing to do, because it requires a clear understanding of the impact and implications of the new regulation, which can only be obtained after conducting an impact assessment. Updating security policies without an impact assessment may result in incomplete, inconsistent, or ineffective policies that may not meet the regulatory requirements or the organizational needs12.
Evaluating how security awareness and training content may be impacted is not the first thing to do, because it is a secondary or supporting activity that depends on the results of the impact assessment and the policy updates. Evaluating security awareness and training content without an impact assessment or policy updates may result in inaccurate, outdated, or irrelevant content that may not reflect the regulatory requirements or the organizational expectations34.
Reviewing the design and effectiveness of existing IT controls is not the first thing to do, because it is a monitoring or assurance activity that follows the implementation of the changes based on the impact assessment and the policy updates. Reviewing IT controls without an impact assessment or policy updates may result in misleading, incomplete, or invalidfindings that may not capture the regulatory requirements or the organizational performance
CISA-KR 문제 513
조직은 클라우드 기반 SaaS(Software as a Service) 모델을 사용하여 데이터를 백업하는 외부 공급업체에 의존합니다. 다음 중 데이터 백업 및 검색과 관련하여 조직에 가장 큰 위험은 무엇입니까?
정답: B
An organization relies on an external vendor that uses a cloud-based Software as a Service (SaaS) model to back up its data. SaaS is a model in which the software is centrally hosted and accessed by the user via a web browser using the internet1. The vendor owns and maintains the software and the data, and the organization pays for the use of the service on a subscription or usage basis1. The greatest risk to the organization related to data backup and retrieval is that the vendor may be unable to restore critical data.
Data backup and retrieval are essential processes for ensuring the availability, integrity, and security of data in case of loss, corruption, or damage2. Data backup is the process of creating and storing copies of data in a separate location from the original data2. Data retrieval is the process of accessing and restoring the backed- up data when needed2. Critical data are data that are vital for the operation, continuity, and recovery of the organization3.
If the vendor is unable to restore critical data, the organization may face severe consequences, such as:
Business disruption: The organization may not be able to perform its core functions, deliver its products or services, or meet its customer or stakeholder expectations3.
Revenue loss: The organization may lose income, market share, or competitive advantage due to reduced sales, customer dissatisfaction, or reputation damage3.
Legal liability: The organization may face lawsuits, fines, or penalties for breaching contractual, regulatory, or statutory obligations related to data protection, privacy, or security3.
Recovery cost: The organization may incur additional expenses for repairing or replacing the lost or corrupted data, restoring the system functionality, or compensating the affected parties3.
The other options are not as great as the vendor's inability to restore critical data. The organization may be locked into an unfavorable contract with the vendor, which may limit its flexibility, control, or choice over the service quality, cost, or duration4. However, this risk can be mitigated by negotiating better terms and conditions, reviewing the contract periodically, or switching to another vendor if possible4. The vendor may be unable to restore data by recovery time objective (RTO) requirements, which are the maximum acceptable time frames for restoring data after a disruption5. However, this risk can be reduced by setting realistic and achievable RTOs, monitoring the vendor's performance, or implementing alternative recovery strategies if needed5. The organization may not be allowed to inspect the vendor's data center, which may limit its visibility, transparency, or assurance over the service provider's infrastructure, security, or compliance.
However, this risk can be overcome by requesting third-party audits, certifications, or reports from the vendor that demonstrate their adherence to industry standards and best practices. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
References:
What is SaaS? Software as a Service | Microsoft Azure
What is Data Backup? - Definition from Techopedia
Critical Data Definition
The Risks of Cloud Computing | Cloud Academy
Recovery Time Objective (RTO) Definition
[Cloud Computing Security Risks: What You Need To Know | CloudHealth by VMware]
Data backup and retrieval are essential processes for ensuring the availability, integrity, and security of data in case of loss, corruption, or damage2. Data backup is the process of creating and storing copies of data in a separate location from the original data2. Data retrieval is the process of accessing and restoring the backed- up data when needed2. Critical data are data that are vital for the operation, continuity, and recovery of the organization3.
If the vendor is unable to restore critical data, the organization may face severe consequences, such as:
Business disruption: The organization may not be able to perform its core functions, deliver its products or services, or meet its customer or stakeholder expectations3.
Revenue loss: The organization may lose income, market share, or competitive advantage due to reduced sales, customer dissatisfaction, or reputation damage3.
Legal liability: The organization may face lawsuits, fines, or penalties for breaching contractual, regulatory, or statutory obligations related to data protection, privacy, or security3.
Recovery cost: The organization may incur additional expenses for repairing or replacing the lost or corrupted data, restoring the system functionality, or compensating the affected parties3.
The other options are not as great as the vendor's inability to restore critical data. The organization may be locked into an unfavorable contract with the vendor, which may limit its flexibility, control, or choice over the service quality, cost, or duration4. However, this risk can be mitigated by negotiating better terms and conditions, reviewing the contract periodically, or switching to another vendor if possible4. The vendor may be unable to restore data by recovery time objective (RTO) requirements, which are the maximum acceptable time frames for restoring data after a disruption5. However, this risk can be reduced by setting realistic and achievable RTOs, monitoring the vendor's performance, or implementing alternative recovery strategies if needed5. The organization may not be allowed to inspect the vendor's data center, which may limit its visibility, transparency, or assurance over the service provider's infrastructure, security, or compliance.
However, this risk can be overcome by requesting third-party audits, certifications, or reports from the vendor that demonstrate their adherence to industry standards and best practices. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
References:
What is SaaS? Software as a Service | Microsoft Azure
What is Data Backup? - Definition from Techopedia
Critical Data Definition
The Risks of Cloud Computing | Cloud Academy
Recovery Time Objective (RTO) Definition
[Cloud Computing Security Risks: What You Need To Know | CloudHealth by VMware]
CISA-KR 문제 514
IS 감사인은 경영진이 새 시스템을 프로덕션 모드에서 사용하기 전에 테스트할 것을 권장했습니다. 테스트 계획을 개발할 때 관리를 위한 가장 좋은 방법은 다음과 같은 처리 매개변수를 사용하는 것입니다.
정답: D
The best approach for management in developing a test plan is to use processing parameters that are simulated by production entities and customers. This is because using realistic data and scenarios can help to evaluate the functionality, performance, reliability, and security of the new system under actual operating conditions and expectations. Using processing parameters that are randomly selected by a test generator, provided by the vendor of the application, or randomly selected by the user may not be sufficient or representative of the production environment and may not reveal all the potential issues or defects of the new system. References: [ISACA CISA Review Manual 27th Edition], page 266.
CISA-KR 문제 515
다음 중 사회공학적 공격 방법은 무엇인가?
정답: A
Social engineering is a technique that exploits human weaknesses, such as trust, curiosity, or greed, to obtain information or access from a target. An employee is induced to reveal confidential IP addresses and passwords by answering questions over the phone is an example of a social engineering attack method, as it involves manipulating the employee into divulging sensitive information that can be used to compromise the network or system. A hacker walks around an office building using scanning tools to search for a wireless network to gain access, an intruder eavesdrops and collects sensitive information flowing through the network and sells it to third parties, and an unauthorized person attempts to gain access to secure premises by following an authorized person through a secure door are not examples of social engineering attack methods, as they do not involve human interaction or deception. References: [ISACA CISA Review Manual 27th Edition], page 361.
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